Young mammary Paget's disease patients with underlying breast invasive ductal carcinoma: clinicopathological features and prognosis / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological factors and prognostic status of young Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Methods: In this study, we defined the age at diagnosis below 40 years old as young patients, and retrospectively analyzed data from 123 MPD-IDC patients who were admitted at the Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from June 2002 to February 2019. Patients were divided into the young group (≤40 years old, 15 cases) and the old group (>40 years old, 108 cases) according to the age of onset, and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of the two groups were compared. Cox regression model analysis was used to analyze the prognosis influencing factors. Results: The proportions of patients in the young group with non-menopausal, axillary lymph node metastasis, and Ki-67 index ≥15% were 93.3% (14/15), 73.3% (11/15), and 86.7% (13/15), respectively, which were higher than those in the old group [45.4% (49/108), 39.8%(43/108), and 60.2% (65/108), respectively] , with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). At an average follow-up of 63.2 months, patients in the young group had a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) compared with that of the old group (P=0.012), while the difference in overall survival (OS) between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.161). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that axillary lymph node status was an independent influencing factor on OS (HR=3.339, 95% CI: 1.121-9.943) in patients with MPD-IDC, while age was not. Conclusion: Compared with the old group, young patients with MPD-IDC have a higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, high Ki-67 expression, and a shorter DFS, but age is not an independent influencing factor on DFS or OS in patients with MPD-IDC.

Carcinoma ductal infiltrante na gestação, desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico: relato de caso / Infiltrating ductal carcinoma during pregnancy, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: a case report

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais frequentemente diagnosticada no mundo, sendo a segunda que mais afeta a mulher no ciclo gravídico-puerperal e a principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres. O câncer de mama associado à gravidez refere-se àquele diagnosticado durante a gravidez ou no primeiro ano pós-parto. A incidência está aumentando à medida que as mulheres atrasam a primeira gestação. Descrição: O artigo traz o relato do caso de uma gestante com câncer de mama na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussão: A gestação deve ser considerada como agravante do câncer de mama, sendo o tratamento semelhante ao da população geral. Prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer são os eventos indesejáveis mais comuns. Conclusão: A abordagem multidisciplinar é fundamental para estabelecer um plano de tratamento individualizado e a paciente ser acolhida, orientada e participar de todo o processo de decisão terapêutica.(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, being the second that most affects women in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first year postpartum. The incidence is increasing as women delay first pregnancy. Description: The article reports the case of a pregnant woman with breast cancer in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussion: Pregnancy should be considered as aggravating breast cancer, being the treatment similar to the general population. Prematurity and low birth weight are the most common undesirable events. Conclusion: The multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to establish an individualized treatment plan and the patient to be welcomed, guided and to participate in the whole therapeutic decision process.(AU)

Mammary adenectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for treatment of patients with early-infiltrating breast carcinoma: a cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Use of mammary adenectomy for breast carcinoma treatment remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the oncological safety of mammary adenectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for treating selected patients with infiltrating breast carcinoma and to evaluate patients' satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted among patients treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This study was based on 152 selected patients (161 operated breasts) with infiltrating breast carcinoma who underwent mammary adenectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. In all patients, the diameter of the largest focus of the tumor was less than 3.0 cm, the imaging tumor-nipple distance was greater than 2.0 cm and the pathological assessment showed clear margins. The cumulative incidence of local recurrence (LR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. After at least one year of follow-up, 64 patients were asked about their satisfaction with the reconstructed breast(s). RESULTS: At a mean follow-up time of 43.5 months, seven cases of LR (4.4%), four distant metastases (2.6%) and five deaths (3.3%) were recorded. The five-year actuarial LR-free survival, RFS and OS were 97.6%, 98.3% and 98.3%, respectively. No cases of nipple-areolar complex recurrence were reported. Forty-one patients (64%) indicated a high level of satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts. CONCLUSIONS: Mammary adenectomy is a safe and efficacious procedure for selected patients with early-infiltrating breast carcinoma and results in a high rate of patient satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts.

Reconstrução de parede torácica com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado e metastático / Thoracic wall reconstruction using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps in patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer

Introdução: Câncer de mama localmente avançado é caracterizado pelos estádios clínicos IIIb ou IV e representam de 20 a 25% de todos os casos. A reconstrução dos defeitos é feita com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos, sendo os mais utilizados o latíssimo do dorso e o reto abdominal. O objetivo é avaliar resultados das reconstruções de parede torácica em câncer de mama localmente avançados com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional descritivo, em único centro. Variáveis estudadas: dimensões do defeito e do retalho, tipo de retalho utilizado para a reconstrução, metástases cutâneas e viscerais, evolução pós-operatória e complicações. Resultados: 11 pacientes, com média de idade de 49 anos, com o lado esquerdo mais acometido. O tipo tumoral mais encontrado foi o carcinoma ductal invasivo. Os retalhos realizados foram: 2 latíssimos do dorso com desenho VY (LDVY), 2 latíssimos do dorso associados a retalho toracoabdominal (LDVYTA), 4 verticais do músculo reto do abdome (VRAM) e 3 toracoabdominais (TA). A área média dos defeitos foi 421,72cm2 e a área média dos retalhos utilizados foi de 451cm2. A complicação mais frequente foi deiscência parcial da ferida operatória, presente em 7 pacientes. Da amostra, 6 pacientes atingiram êxito letal. VRAM foi o retalho que apresentou mais complicações. A sobrevida média para VRAM foi de 25,5 meses, para LDVY de 17 meses, TA de 17 meses e LDVYTA de 20,5 meses. Conclusão: Os retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos são eficazes para a reconstrução da parede torácica após a ressecção de neoplasias mamárias localmente avançadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Locally advanced breast cancer is characterized by clinical stage IIIb or IV and accounts for 20­25% of all cases. Defects are reconstructed using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps, primarily from the latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis muscles. The objective is to evaluate the results of thoracic wall reconstructions in cases of locally advanced breast cancer using fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and descriptive single-center study. Variables studied included defect size and flap dimensions, myocutaneous flap type, presence of cutaneous and visceral metastasis, postoperative evolution, and complications. Results: We selected 11 patients with a mean age of 49 years; the left side was the most commonly affected. The most common tumor type was invasive ductal carcinoma. The flaps were made of latissimus dorsi VY (LDVY) in two patients, latissimus dorsi associated with thoracoabdominal flaps (LDVYTA) in two, vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap (VRAM) in four, and thoracoabdominal flaps (TA) in three. The mean defect area was 421.72 cm2, while the mean flap area was 451 cm2. The most frequent complication was partial dehiscence (seven patients). Six patients achieved lethal exit. VRAM flaps presented more complications. The mean survival for VRAM was 25.5 months, LDVY was 17 months, TA was 17 months, LDVYTA was 20.5 months. Conclusion: Myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps are effective for chest wall reconstruction after locally advanced breast cancer resection.

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Evaluation of main presentations on magnetic resonance imaging compared with findings on mammogram and histology / Carcinoma ductal in situ mamário: avaliação das principais apresentações à ressonância magnética em correlação com os achados da mamografia e histologia

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various morphologies and kinetic characteristics of the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam, to establish which are the most prevalent and to determine the effectiveness of the method in the detection of DCIS. Method: A prospective observational study, starting in May 2014. We evaluated 25 consecutive patients with suspicious or highly suspicious microcalcifications on mammography screening, BI-RADS categories 4 and 5, who underwent breast MRI and then surgery with proven diagnosis of pure DCIS. Surgery was considered the gold standard for correlation between histologic findings and radiological findings obtained on MRI. Results: The most frequent morphological characteristic of DCIS on MRI was non-mass-like enhancement (NMLE), p<0.001, observed in 22/25 (88%) patients (95CI 72.5-100). Of these, segmental distribution was the most prevalent, represented by 9/22 (40.91%) cases (95CI 17.4-64.4), p=0.306, and a clumped internal enhancement pattern was most commonly characterized in DCIS, observed in 13/22 (50.09%) cases. Conclusion: DCIS has a wide variety of imaging features on MRI and being able to recognize these lesions is crucial. Its most common morphological presentation is non-mass-like enhancement, while segmental distribution and a clumped internal enhancement pattern are the most common presentations. Faced with the combined analysis of these findings, percutaneous core needle biopsy (core biopsy) or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) should be encouraged.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as várias morfologias e características cinéticas do carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) ao exame de ressonância magnética (RM) de mama, estabelecer as mais prevalentes e determinar a eficácia do método na detecção do CDIS. Método: estudo prospectivo e observacional, com início em 2011 e duração de 24 meses. Foram avaliadas 25 pacientes consecutivas que apresentaram microcalcificações suspeitas ou altamente suspeitas ao exame mamográfico de rastreamento, categorias 4 e 5 de BI-RADS, que realizaram RM mamária e, posteriormente, foram submetidas à cirurgia com resultado comprovado de CDIS puro. A cirurgia foi considerada padrão-ouro para correlação entre os resultados histológicos e os achados radiológicos obtidos à RM. Resultados: a característica morfológica do CDIS mais frequente à RM foi o realce não nodular (p<0,001), observada em 22/25 (88%) casos (IC 95% 72,5-100). Dentre estes, a distribuição segmentar foi a mais prevalente, representada por 9/22 (40,91%) casos (IC 95% 17,4-64,4), p=0,306, e o realce interno tipo clumped foi o padrão mais frequentemente caracterizado no CDIS, observado em 13/22 (50,09%) casos. Conclusão: o CDIS tem uma grande variedade de características imaginológicas à RM e é fundamental reconhecê-las. A apresentação morfológica mais comum é o realce não nodular, sendo a distribuição segmentar e o padrão interno de realce tipo clumped as apresentações mais frequentes. Diante da análise combinada desses achados, a biópsia percutânea por agulha grossa (core biopsy) ou assistida a vácuo (mamotomia) deve ser encorajada.

Cáncer de mama en varones: casos recogidos en 20 años (1990-2011) / Breast cancer in males and cases observed in 20 years (1990-2011)

Introducción: en la sociedad occidental el cáncer de mama es el de mayor prevalencia en el sexo femenino, pero es muy raro en el sexo masculino (0,1-0,2 por ciento). Tras analizar la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los casos hallados en una unidad de unidad de cirugía menor ambulatoria (CmA) del Hospital General de Especialidades Juan Grande en el periodo de 1990 a 2011 (n = 10). Métodos: se describen los hallazgos en la unidad CmA, adonde acuden pacientes con diagnósticos de afecciones benignas, fundamentalmente de piel, anejos cutáneos y tejidos subcutáneos. Se eligió, describió y siguió a los varones que resultaron tener un carcinoma de mama. Los criterios de inclusión fueron el sexo masculino y la confirmación histológica de cáncer de mama. Se estudiaron las variables epidemiológicas, tumorales y terapéuticas, y la supervivencia. Resultados: hubo 10 sujetos con edades de 58 ± 15 años, sin antecedentes de especial interés. Las tumoraciones se localizaban en la cara anterior del tórax, en la región mamaria, de forma unilateral. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes acudieron con diagnóstico de una afección benigna, e igualmente en el 100 por ciento de los casos el diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo fue carcinoma ductal. Conclusiones: los pacientes se diagnosticaron después de una cirugía y no hubo diagnóstico clínico previo. La supervivencia estuvo condicionada por la tardanza en el diagnóstico y, por tanto, en el inicio del tratamiento. La supervivencia a los 5 años de revisiones fue de 7 pacientes, aunque algunos fallecieron por otras causas(AU)

Introduction: breast cancer in the Western society has the highest prevalence rate in females, but it is very rare in males (0.1-0.2 percent). After analyzing the epidemiology and the risk factors, a retrospective study was conducted on the cases found in an outpatient minor surgery unit of Juan Grande general hospital of medical specialties in the period of 1990 through 2011 (n= 10). Methods: the findings observed in this unit were described, where patients with benign disease diagnoses fundamentally went because of skin problems, cutaneous adnexes and subcutaneous tissues. The males suffering breast carcinoma were selected, described and followed-up. Inclusion criteria were being male and histological confirmation of breast cancer. The epidemiological, tumoral and therapeutical variables were under study as well as survival rates. Results: there were 10 individuals aged 58 ± 15 years, with no history of special interest. Tumors were located in the anterior side of thorax, unilateral, in the breast region. One hundred percent of patients went to the unit with benign diagnosis and, the final anatomopathological diagnosis of all the cases was ductal carcinoma. Conclusions: the patients were diagnosed after one surgery and there was not previous clinical diagnosis. The survival depended on the time of diagnosis and on the time of beginning the treatment. The survival rate after 5 years of review was 7 patients, although some died from other causes(AU)

Cáncer de mama en mujeres adultas mayores, características clínicas e histopatológicas y resultados del tratamiento con intención curativa / Characteristics and results of breast cancer in elderly females treated with curative inten

Background: Aging is the main risk factor to acquire breast cancer (BC). Nevertheless BC in elderly patients is sub-represented in clinical trials. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics and long term treatment results of localized BC in older women. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 65 women aged 70 to 88 years, with localized BC, treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy or systemic therapy at a Clinical Hospital in Chile. Results: The presence of symptoms or abnormal findings on physical examination were the main reasons for consulting in 65% of cases. Compared with tumors detected on physical examination, those detected using screening mammogram were smaller and were in stage 1 with a higher frequency (18 and 59% respectively, p < 0.01). The pathological type was luminal in 80% of cases. Overall survival was better for luminal pathological type. All patients completed radiotherapy without interruptions developing minor acute toxicity. The most common co-morbidity was high blood pressure occurring in 46% of patients. Thirteen percent of patients had three or more co-morbidities. After a median follow up of 7 years, 23 (35%) patients had died and the cause of death was BC in 43% of cases. Two patients died of lung cancer. No patient had a local breast relapse. Conclusions: Screening mammogram in older women detected smaller tumors and it was associated with a better survival. BC is the ultimate cause of death in approximately half of cases.

Consultoria em patologia cirúrgica mamária: variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico de lesões proliferativas intraductais atípicas / Consultation in breast surgical pathology: interobserver diagnostic variability of atypical intraductal proliferative lesions

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância nos diagnósticos histopatológicos de lesões mamárias proliferativas intraductais entre patologistas gerais e especialistas em patologia mamária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional e transversal, com análise de 209 lesões encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Patologia Mamária da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais para consultoria, no período de 2007 a 2011, comparando os diagnósticos originais com os após a revisão. Foram incluídos apenas os casos com solicitação formal de revisão e que apresentavam diagnóstico histopatológico no laudo original ou de revisão de lesões proliferativas, carcinoma ductal in situ puro, carcinoma ductal in situ com microinvasão ou associado a carcinoma invasor. A concordância percentual e o índice kappa foram utilizados para a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Observamos moderada concordância nos diagnósticos originais de benignidade ou malignidade versus os diagnósticos de revisão (kappa=0,5; concordância percentual=83%). Após a revisão, o diagnóstico de malignidade foi confirmado em 140/163 casos (86%) e o diagnóstico de benignidade foi confirmado em 34/46 casos (74%). Quanto aos diagnósticos específicos, observamos concordância moderada entre o laudo original e de revisão (136/209 casos; kappa=0,5; concordância percentual=65%). A maior discordância foi observada nos casos de carcinoma ductal in situ com microinvasão (6/6 casos; 100%). Grande discordância foi observada nos casos de hiperplasia ductal atípica (16/30 casos; 53%) e carcinoma ductal in situ (25/75 casos; 33%). Em relação ao grau histológico do carcinoma ductal in situ, observou-se boa concordância entre os laudos originais e de revisão (29/39 casos; kappa=0,6; concordância percentual=74%). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados confirmam que as lesões mamárias proliferativas intraductais, em especial as hiperplasias ductais atípicas, o carcinoma ductal in situ e o carcinoma ductal in situ com microinvasão apresentam relevantes discordâncias nos diagnósticos histopatológicos, que podem induzir o clínico a erros nas decisões terapêuticas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement about the histopathological diagnosis of intraductal proliferative breast lesions between general pathologists and a specialist in breast pathology. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional study of 209 lesions received in consultation at the Breast Pathology Laboratory of the School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, from 2007 to 2011, comparing the original diagnosis and the review. We included only cases with a formal request for review and cases in which the original diagnosis or reviewer's diagnosis showed proliferative lesions, pure ductal carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ associated with microinvasion or associated with invasive carcinoma. The kappa index and percent concordance were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: A moderate agreement was observed between the original histopathological diagnosis and the second opinion (kappa=0.5; percentual concordance=83%). After the review, the diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed in 140/163 cases (86%) and the diagnosis of benign lesions was confirmed in 34/46 cases (74%). Regarding specific diagnosis, we observed moderate agreement between the original diagnosis and the reviewer's diagnosis (136/209 cases; kappa=0.5; percent concordance=65%). The highest disagreement was observed in cases of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (6/6 cases; 100%). Important discordance was observed in cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia (16/30 cases; 53%) and ductal carcinoma in situ (25/75 cases; 33%). Regarding the histological grade of ductal carcinoma in situ, we observed good agreement between the original diagnosis and the review (29/39 cases; kappa=0.6, percent agreement=74%). CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that intraductal proliferative breast lesions, especially atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion show relevant discrepancies in the histopathological diagnoses, which may induce errors in therapeutic decisions.

Cáncer ductal infiltrante en mama derecha: de paciente joven con embarazo llevado a término / Ductal infiltrante breast right: cancer in young woman with pregnancy goes terminal

El cáncer de mama representa en países en vías de desarrollo un problema de salud pública, en Venezuela en la última década su incidencia en la población ha ido en aumento. Su coincidencia con embarazo no es común y se asocia con niveles de ansiedad elevados tanto para el médico como para la paciente. La evolución y el tratamiento pueden tener consecuencias en el feto. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con cáncer localmente avanzado y embarazo cuyos estudios y tratamiento adecuado lograron un embarazo a término sin complicaciones.

The breast cancer represents in the development country a grave public health problem, in Venezuela in the last decade his incidence is increased. The coincidence with a pregnancy is not common, and is associated with high grade of anxiety to the patient and to the consultant doctor. The evaluation and treatment may be many consequences in the fetus. We presented and study a case of young woman with local advance breast right cancer and pregnancy, which studies and treatment was adequate and let her end of the pregnancy without a complications.

La citología aspirativa guiada por ultrasonido, en el diagnóstico de las patologías mamarias / Guided aspiration cytology by ultrasound in diagnosing mammary pathologies

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, con proyecto de investigación-acción, de corte transversal, para identificar la efectividad de las citologías aspirativas por aguja fina, guiadas por ultrasonido, realizadas en el Hospital José Ramón López Tabrane y así efectuar diagnósticos oportunos de las patologías mamarias teniendo especial importancia las premalignas y malignas, en un período comprendido desde marzo a septiembre del año 2009. Constituyendo el universo 141 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta, por presentar lesiones palpables y no palpables visualizadas por ultrasonido y mamografía. A todas se les realizó citologia de la lesión observada y se agruparon según grupos de edades, hallazgos ultrasonográficos, mamográficos, citológicos y biopsias postoperatorias. Los datos fueron extraídos de las hojas de cargo y libro de registro de citologías y biopsias del departamento de Anatomía Patológica de nuestro hospital. En las pacientes que fueron operadas, se correlacionó el diagnóstico imagenológico y citológico, con la biopsia final. El mayor porciento de pacientes estudiadas correspondió al grupo de edades de 31 a 49 años. Existió un predominio de patologías benignas, con un mayor porciento de las imágenes ecogénicas al ultrasonido, correspondiendo por mamografías con nódulo aislado. En estas lesiones se constató histológicamente un predominio de tejido fibroadiposo para un 16,73 por ciento. Por citologías se diagnosticaron 9 atipias celulares para un 6,59 por ciento y 8 carcinomas ductales infiltrantes para un 5,77 por ciento. Se operaron 17 pacientes con diagnóstico citológico de atipia como de carcinoma ductal infiltrante, para un 12,36 por ciento, coincidiendo totalmente este diagnóstico con la biopsia postoperatoria realizada en cada caso.

A retrospective transversal study was carried out on the basis of an investigative-action project, with the objective of identifying the effectiveness of fine needle, ultrasound-guided aspiration cytologies made in the Hospital Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane, and that way to diagnose as early as possible mammary pathologies, giving special importance to pre-malign and malign ones, because early diagnose allows decreasing morbimortality for this condition, in a period from March to September 2009. The universe were 141 patients, who assisted the consultation of fine needle ultrasound-guided cytology, presenting palpable lesions and non palpable ones visualized by ultrasound and mammography. Cytologies were made directly from the observed lesion and were grouped according to age, ultrasound, mammographic findings and post-surgery biopsies. Data were collected from the consultation records and cytologies and biopsies records of the Pathologic Anatomy Department of our hospital. We analyzed ultrasound and mammographic diagnosis and compared them with the histological ones. In patients surgically operated, imaging and cytological diagnosis was correlated with final biopsy. The bigger percent of studied patients belonged to the age group from 31 to 49 years old. There were a greater number of benign pathologies, with a bigger percent of echogenic images to ultrasound, corresponding by mammography to aisled nodules. It was proved a predominance of fibroadipose tissue (16,73 percent) by histology. There were diagnosed 9 cellular atypicities (6,59 percent) and 8 infiltrating ductal carcinomas (5,77 percent). 17 patients were operated with cytological diagnosis of atypia as infiltrating ductal carcinoma (12,36 percent), totally coinciding this diagnosis with the post-surgery biopsy made in each case.

Enfermedad de Paget mamaria: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Paget’s disease of the breast: clinical case and literature review

La enfermedad de Paget mamaria es una patología poco común en la mama, sin embargo, tiene gran importancia por su alta asociación a carcinoma mamario y porque requiere de un alto índice de sospecha. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 56 años con enfermedad de Paget mamaria con focos microscópicos de invasión y compromiso linfonodal masivo. Se realiza una revisión de esta patología, con especial énfasis en la sospecha, diagnóstico, manejo, estadificación, tratamiento y pronóstico desde el punto de vista médico y quirúrgico.

Pesquizaje de cáncer de mama: presentación de un caso / Screening of breast cancer: a case presentation

El pesquizaje del cáncer de mama basado en el estudio mamográfico de las mujeres entre 50 y 65 años de edad constituye el mejor medio para realizar el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad. A menos de un mes de reiniciado este proceso en el Policlínico Cerro, se le diagnosticó a una paciente asintomática, de 59 años de edad, un tumor en línea media de los cuadrantes superiores de la mama izquierda. Se le realizó una cirugía conservadora, y se resecó un tumor de 0,7 cm de diámetro, que resultó ser un carcinoma ductal infiltrante en estadio precoz. La paciente fue clasificada de bajo riesgo, actualmente recibe tratamiento adyuvante con poliquimioterapia y su evolución es satisfactoria. Una vez más queda demostrada la importancia del pesquizaje como alternativa para lograr el tratamiento curativo del cáncer de mama, que hoy constituye la primera causa de muerte por cáncer no sólo en la mujer cubana(AU)

Screening of breast cancer based on mammography study of women aged between 50 and 65 is the better tool to perform the early diagnosis of this disease. At less than a month of onset of this process in Cerro polyclinic, a asymptomatic patient aged 59 was diagnosed with a tumor in middle line of high of the left breast quadrants. She underwent a conservative surgery and a ductal carcinoma of 0,7 cm was resected in early stage. Patient was classified as of low risk, nowadays she receives adjuvant treatment with polychemotherapy and its course is satisfactory. Again it was demonstrated the significance of screening as a alternative to achieve the curative treatment of breast cancer, which now is the first cause of death by cancer not only in Cuban woman(AU)

Carcinoma de Mama Bilateral / Bilateral breast cancer

Introducción: La mayor incidencia del cáncer de mama, la mejora en los métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, junto al aumento en la expectativa de vida, llevan al incremento en el número de pacientes con riesgo de padecer un carcinoma de mama bilateral. La influencia en la sobrevida de estas pacientes es objeto de discusión. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las características de las pacientes con carcinoma de mama bilateral operadas en el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, y analizar el impacto en la sobrevida. Material y métodos: En el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, entre enero de 1970 y mayo de 2007, fueron tratados 4.085 casos de carcinoma mamario en 3.864 pacientes. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 194 pacientes con carcinoma mamario bilateral: 80 sincrónicos y 114 metacrónicos. Para comparar el impacto en la sobrevida se utilizó un grupo de 2.237 pacientes operadas en el mismo período con carcinoma de mama unilateral. Definimos al carcinoma de mama bilateral sincrónico, como aquel que se presentó en forma simultánea en ambas mamas o hasta doce meses luego del primer diagnóstico. El carcinoma metacrónico se diagnosticó en la mama contralateral luego de doce meses con respecto al primero. Resultados: En nuestra serie, el riesgo de desarrollar un carcinoma en la mama contralateral fue aproximadamente del 0,9% anual, con un riesgo acumulado a 15 años del 12,75%. La probabilidad de sobrevida a 5 años fue 85,9% para los carcinomas unilaterales, 94,6% para los metacrónicos y 63,3% para los sincrónicos. A 15 años fue 65,5% para los unilaterales; 52,3% para los metacrónicos y 37,2% para los sincrónicos. Conclusiones: Los carcinomas bilaterales presentan una baja incidencia. El riesgo de desarrollar un carcinoma en la mama contralateral es del 0,9% anual.

Expressão da aromatase em carcinomas de mama ductais invasivo e in situ presentes na mesma mama / Aromatase expression in invasive and in situ ductal carcinoma present in the same breast

OBJETIVO: Avaliar expressão da enzima aromatase nos carcinomas de mama ductais invasivos (CDI), in situ (CDIS), no epitélio e estromas adjacentes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 45 espécimes cirúrgicos provenientes de mastectomias e quadrantectomias com CDI e CDIS concomitantes de pacientes com estadios clínicos I e II. A análise da expressão da enzima aromatase foi realizada por meio de anticorpos policlonais antiaromatase e categorização das amostras de acordo com intensidade e número de células coradas. RESULTADOS: Nos 45 casos de CDI a expressão da aromatase foi positiva em 32 espécimes (71 por cento) e negativa em 13 (29 por cento). Nos casos de CDIS, a positividade foi idêntica à observada no CDI, mostrando correlação positiva. No epitélio normal constatou-se expressão positiva em 19 casos (42,2 por cento) e negativa nos outros 26 (57,8 por cento), mostrando correlação positiva estatisticamente (p<0,01), quando comparada com CDI e CDIS. Na análise do estroma normal a expressão da aromatase foi observada em apenas sete (15,5 por cento) dos 45 casos avaliados, não apresentando correlação com nenhuma variável analisada para expressão da aromatase. A presença da aromatase no estroma tumoral foi positiva em 36 casos (80 por cento) e negativa em 9 (20 por cento), mostrando correlação estatisticamente com a expressão no CDI (p<0,01) e no CDIS (p<0,01). Ao se comparar a expressão da aromatase no CDI, CDIS, epitélio normal e estroma tumoral com os graus nuclear e histológico, tamanho tumoral e idade da paciente, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelaram alta correlação entre expressão da aromatase no CDI, CDIS, epitélio normal e estroma tumoral, sugerindo possível mecanismo de ação autócrina e parácrina desta enzima na gênese do câncer de mama.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the expression of aromatase in simultaneously invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). METHODS: forty-five surgical samples were obtained from mastectomy and quadrantectomy with simultaneous IDC and DCIS of stage I and II patients. Aromatase was evaluated using antibodies anti-aromatase and the samples classified in accordance with the number and intensity of stained cells. RESULTS: Aromatase was expressed positively in 32(71 percent) and negatively in 13(29 percent) of the cases in the IDC. The same results were obtained in the DCIS showing a perfect positive correlation. In the normal epithelium,aromatase was positive in 19(42.2 percent) and negative in 26 (57.8 percent) and a positive correlation, statistically significant was obtained when compared with IDC and DCIS(p<0.01). Concerning the normal stroma, positivity was only 7 (15.5 percent) showing no correlation with aromatase expression. Aromatase was positive in 36(80 percent) of the tumor stroma and this result was statistically significant as in the IDC and DCIS. Comparing results of aromatase expression with nuclear grade, histological grade, tumor size and age no difference was found. CONCLUSION: our results demonstrated high correlation between aromatase expression in IDC, DCIS, normal epithelium and tumor stroma showing a possible autocrine and paracrine mechanism of this enzyme in breast cancer.

Embarazo y parto vaginal en primigesta posterior a reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo TRAM / Pregnancy and vaginal delivery after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: report of one case

Introducción: La reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo miocutáneo transverso de recto anterior del abdomen (TRAM), es un recurso disponible en la rehabilitación del cáncer mamario. Existe poca literatura respecto de los cambios que experimenta la pared abdominal previamente debilitada con una gestación. Nuestro objetivo es divulgar nuestra experiencia en una paciente nuligesta, reconstruida con colgajo TRAM y que presentó embarazo de término por parto vaginal, sin incidentes. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de ficha clínica. Paciente de 29 años sometida a radioterapia preoperatoria y mastectomía derecha simple extendida por cáncer mamario. Se realizó reconstrucción mamaria al año, con colgajo TRAM; se utilizó músculo recto unilateral, sin malla protésica, a los tres meses se reconstruyó pezón con injerto de piel perineal con técnica Skate-Flap. Se embarazó sin planificación en el postoperatorio inmediato de la reconstrucción de pezón. Inicia controles en unidad de alto riesgo obstétrico al quinto mes de gestación. Desarrolló un embarazo sin complicaciones, teniendo un parto vaginal de término con recién nacido masculino vivo de 2720 grs. El último control se realizó a los seis años, libre de enfermedad y no encontrándose hernia de la pared abdominal. Conclusiones: Los cambios que experimentó el abdomen, durante la gestación no afectaron la pared debilitada por la ausencia de uno de los músculos rectos abdominales. Se cumplió el objetivo de la reconstrucción mamaria respecto de recuperar la feminidad alterada por una mastectomía. El caso advierte al equipo médico respecto de tomar las precauciones ante la fertilidad en una mujer sexualmente activa.

Mammary reconstruction using Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneos Flap (TRAM) is successfully used for mammary reconstruction after breast cancer surgery. The absence of the anterior rectus muscle modifies the functional properties of the abdominal wall. There is little knowledge about what occurs with a debilitated abdominal wall during pregnancy after mammary reconstruction using a TRAM flap. We report a 29 years old patient, who was treated for breast cancer with preoperative radiotherapy and a right side mastectomy with lymphadenectomy. TRAM flap was done one year later; a single rectus abdominis was used and the abdominal wall was not reinforced with a mesh. After three months, the nipple was reconstructed with the skate flap technique. Although it was not planned, she got pregnant and did not search for obstetric assessment until the fifth month. She was followed at the high risk obstetric unit and no complications were observed in her abdominal wall. She had a vaginal delivery of a healthy full term male newborn weighing 2720 grams. Six years later, there was no evidence of abdominal wall complications. Therefore, abdominal stress during pregnancy did not affect the debilitated abdominal wall after rotation of the rectus abdominis muscle.

Ablação por radiofrequência de metástases hepáticas de câncer de mama / Radiofrequency ablation of liver metastasis from breast cancer

A ablação por radiofreqüência (ARF) é uma técnica minimamente invasiva e, recentemente, passoua ser utilizada para destruir tecidos tumorais. Foi usualmente desenvolvida para diversos tumoresprimários, podendo também ser realizada para a ablação de metástases hepáticas pelas viaspercutânea, laparoscópica ou por laparotomia. Os autores apresentam e discutem caso de pacientedo sexo feminino, 48 anos, portadora de carcinoma mamário, T4bN1M1 – estágio IV (metástasehepática). A paciente encontrava-se assintomática e a metástase hepática foi evidenciada, inicialmente,por ultra-sonografia de abdome que mostrou nódulo único, em segmento VIII do fígado,medindo 1,6 × 1,4 cm. Por apresentar resposta objetiva à quimioterapia e por se tratar de metástasehepática limitada, optou-se pela mastectomia radical modificada e ARF do nódulo hepáticometastático. Tomografia computadorizada de abdome, após ARF, apresentou apenas alteraçõesno segmento VIII, seqüela da ARF. Novas tomografias seriadas demonstraram estabilidade da lesãohepática. Estudos reportam que para pacientes selecionadas com metástase hepática limitadade câncer de mama, a ablação cirúrgica está associada com maior sobrevida a longo prazo e que aressecção hepática deveria ser considerada componente do tratamento nestas pacientes.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a minimally invasive technique, has for some time been used to destroytumor tissue. Though developed to treat a range of primary tumors, it may also be used to abradeliver metastases through open surgery, laparoscopy or laparotomy. The authors report and discuss thecase of a 48-year old female patient with breast carcinoma (T4bN1M1; stage IV) and liver metastasis.The patient was asymptomatic and liver metastasis was detected by abdominal ultrasonographyshowing a single node in segment VIII measuring 1.6 × 1.4 cm. Since the patient responded positivelyto chemotherapy and liver metastasis was limited, she was referred to modified radical mastectomyand RFA of the liver node. Following RFA, abdominal computed tomography revealed only scars insegment VIII. Subsequent serial tomography showed stable liver injury. The literature indicates thatin selected patients with limited liver metastasis from breast carcinoma, surgical ablation is associatedwith improved long-term survival, and liver resection should be considered a treatment component.

Perfil das pacientes pós-cirurgia de câncer de mama com síndrome do cordão axilar / Profile of the patients after breast cancer surgery with axillary web syndrome

O câncer de mama representa o segundo tipo mais freqüente no mundo e o que mais causa mortesentre as mulheres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, por meio de prontuários fisioterapêuticos emédicos, o perfil das pacientes pós-cirurgia de câncer de mama com axillary web syndrome (AWS)do Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco e da Faculdade Integrada do Recife (FIR). Das 112 pacientesavaliadas de abril a outubro de 2006, 7,1% apresentaram AWS. A maioria apresentou dore restrição de movimento, e 50% apresentaram linfedema. Metade realizou quadrantectomia e asdemais mastectomia, todas associadas ao esvaziamento axilar. Em 37,5%, a AWS se estendeu atéo antebraço. O tumor mais freqüente foi o carcinoma ductal invasivo e os estadiamentos I e IIapresentaram freqüência de 40%. Todas as pacientes realizaram quimioterapia e 80% realizaramradioterapia associada. Concluí-se, assim, que a AWS é significativa complicação pós-operatória eseus sintomas podem acarretar alterações na qualidade de vida.

Breast cancer represents the second most frequent type of cancer in the world and the one that most causesdeath among women. This study aimed at analyzing the profile of patients from the Cancer Hospital ofPernambuco and from FIR, after a breast cancer surgery with Axillary Web Syndrome (AWS), by meansof medical and physical therapeutic records. Within the 112 evaluated patients from April to Octoberof 2006, 7.1% presented AWS. The majority presented pain and restriction of movement, and 50%presented lymphedema. Half of the patients had a quadrantectomy done, while the remaining ones hada mastectomy, all of them associated with axillary dissection. In 37.5%, AWS reached the forearm. Themost frequent tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma and staging I and II presented frequency of 40%. Allpatients had chemotherapy done, and 80% of these had associated radiotherapy. Thus, it was concludedthat AWS is a significant post surgical complication, and its symptoms may lead to changes in the patient’slife quality.